Post Facto Research

1. What is the meaning of query? there are various definitions of look into. According to John . W. Best, look into is a opinionated and objective abbreviation and recording of dominationled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, theories and concepts, contri merelyeing in prediction for seeing and perhaps ultimate control of events. On the former(a) hand, Clifford Woody defined query as a careful head or examination in seeking facts or principles, a supple investigation to ascertain something.Furthermore, Mouley defined question as a exhibit of arriving at dependable solution to the problems through the planned and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data. According to Martyn Shuttleworth (Oct 3, 2008), in the broadest sense of the word, the definition of search includes some(prenominal) aggregation of data, information and facts for the advancement of association. Kothari (2002) described research as a syste matic investigation to find solution to a problem. 2. What is the importance of research?Research is real much beneficial to everyone in the society. According to Ayesha Afsar, research is important because it gives direction to deal with a proper(postnominal) problem. Whether the problem is well solved or not is not the forte of the research work. Accumulating affable and all the possible solutions hypothetically are in itself considered a laudable achievement. Moreover, as stated by Michelle Lowe, research can help us to research education and the education process. It can help us to dish up questions ab away learning and teaching.Prince Samuels also added that research is very vital to our nonchalant decision making. It arms us from wrong information and save m and money. It is important to our success as we take on lifes challenges and career decisions making. Furthermore, Joe gilbert stated that research is important when conducted correctly because it helps us to und erstand and possibly even solve existing or possible problems in the world. This could be anything from social issues to medical breakthroughs.Governments carry out research all of the while in redact to come to conclusions about policies and strategies. They will often strike experts in the special(prenominal) field to go out and carry out in-depth research to help them out. Without this research and knowledge, it would be difficult to make a change in the world. It would also mean that changes wouldnt be fully considered which could result in bigger problems in the long run. 3. What are the kinds of research? As emphasized by C. R. Kothari, the following are the different kinds of research fundamental Research deals with the formulation of theory gathering knowledge for knowledges sake is pure or basic research pure research is research made without any idea of application to industrial matters but solely with the view of extending our knowledge of the Laws of Nature. * Appli ed action Research focuses at conclusion a solution for immediate problem helps in discovering a solution for some pressing practical problem is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields pure research to solving practical problems Descriptive/ex post facto research includes survey facts finding inquires it focuses on cardinal aspects aWhat has happened? bWhat is happening? * Correlational research attempts to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/ mutuality between two or more aspects of a situation.* Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two or more aspects or a phenomenon. Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where a little is known or to investigate the possibilities of proletariat a particular research check feasibility/ indicator lamp study. It is the development of hypothesis rather than their testing. Exploratory research often relies on secondary research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors, and more formal approaches through in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective method actings, case studies or pilot studies Historical research is the type of research that examines past events or combinations of events to move into at an account of what has happened in the past.* Experimental research is defined fundamentally as research in which the causal (independent) variable(s) can be manipulated in order to change an printing Because of this element of manipulation, investigators in using observational methods are expected to maintain a good degree of control throughout the period of the study to establish with confidence that cause and effect occurred. (Dr. Anthony G. Picciano) * Constructive research is mainly done by many scientific corporates in order to find new/alternative solutions to any particular crisis or problems. For example-renewable energy research or development of the capacity of optic fiber may fall into this category of research. * Empirical research is very impressive observational type of research, where one observes or test on real-life data or analysis the pattern of some specific events in order to identify the nature or the class of trend that specific phenomenon maintains.Based on the test result, researchers try to draw lines in order to predict the result of that type of incidents with certain level of confidence. 4. What are the characteristics of research? According to Ranjit Kumar, the following are the characteristics of research * Empirical. Research is found on direct experience or observation by the researcher. * Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. * Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental and case study. * Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. * Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. * Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.