Best Buy Situation Analysis

In general, the company specializes in selling electronics, home office products, entertainment products and footwear, business programs and software, home appliances, and much more technology related products. Best Buy has earned the reputation as one of the top consumer electronics retailers and a leader in the industry. Its total revenues are $42,410,000,000, it employs 140,000 workers, and has a market capitalization of 1 1. 26 billion.The company Is a publicly traded corporation on the New York stock exchange under the signal- BY. It has gained many product and service brands that are recognized worldwide, such as Geek Squad, an in house repair service, which has been one of the company's main competitive advantages throughout its existence. The primary target market customer Is In the 16-35 age range. With 18-24 being the primary target because on average 40% are in college. Primary targets consist of businesses, both genders, middle class families and up.The secondary target i s 36-50 age groups mostly made of parents, new and small businesses, and price concerned consumers. The age group for the core audience Is 25-54 consumers 54% male 42% female and has an average household income of $75,000 (Khan, A). † Mission: The mission of Best Buy is to be the number one retailer of consumer electronics with a focus on roving a wide selection of high quality products at premium low prices while offering personable customer service and the best shopping experience both In store and online.Goals: In the company's 2014 fiscal annual report, Hubert Jolly, President and CEO of Best Buy, outlined the business transformation plan and goals as the 1 OFF shopping experience 2. Attract, grow, engage, and inspire transformational leaders and employees 3. Work with vendors to innovate and drive value 4. Increase return on invested capital 5. Continue leadership role in positively impacting the world Ochs 2 Core Competency: In terms of core competency, the key in terms of success for Best Buy has been its strategic customer-centric values and brand name recognition.Best Buy specializes in providing excellent customer service and the ability to give customers a hands- on shopping experience. Best Buy offers a wide range of products and will continue to work with vendor partners to maintain a strong relationship to guarantee low competitive prices. As far as brand recognition goes, Best Buy is increasing the amount of stores worldwide each year so the company name will continue to stick in customer's minds as well as strategic partnerships such s geek squad.SOOT Analysis Internal Factors Strengths Multiple Channel Sales Strategy Diverse Product Portfolio Reputable Brand Name Excellent Customer Satisfaction Weaknesses Geographical Concentration Limitations Reliance on Minimal Vendors Weakening Financial Position Poor Inventory Management Systems External Factors Opportunities Strategic Partnership Acquisitions Focus Towards Marketing Strategies Onlin e Sales Growth Consumption of Electronics Increasing Expansion of Retail Stores National and International – Foreign Market Penetration Threats Rise of Competitors, Loss of Market Share and RevenuesIncrease of Counterfeit/limitation Goods (China) Organized Retail Crime Increasing, Cyber Crime Threat to Security Market Shifting to Online Sales Medium to high Supplier Power Industry Analysis and Trends: The Consumer Electronics Market is continuously changing and is an ongoing process of evolution. Since technology is growing at a market. Already existing technologies are being re-invented to give the consumer a feeling that the old model(s) is irrelevant. An example is curved TV's and the phone ss.Ochs 3 These two technologies already exist however with a very slight modification, customers react and feel the need to purchase the newer version. This acts to re- invigorate what may seem to be a stagnant market. Online Sales are becoming more crucial to companies to survive in t he electronics consumer market. Amazon. Com being the leader in the industry of online sales has proved its dominance and Best Buy is increasing online retail operations to keep up. Since the recession, the market faced a decline in sales performance the last few years since 2008.However the market is making a slow, gradual come back and the situation in the industry is looking good. The fluctuating economy greatly effects consumer buying habits, and with the recovering economy conditions, consumers will have more money to spend on luxuries like electronics. According to the U. S. Consumer Electronics Sales and Forecasts â€Å"Revenues for the consumer electronics industry are projected to grow 2. 4% in 2014, reaching a new record high of $208 billion Joseph,J. ACE). Best Buy has struggled to maintain its market share with the increase of competition over the last few years but the company is growing in terms of revenue and number of stores increasing worldwide. Best Buy brand and presence is becoming well known globally and more growth opportunities are available for the company internationally. â€Å"Best Buy sees opportunities for innovation and growth in new markets and new geographies as well as in our core U. S. Business our growing global presence requires seasoned and as'. N. Y leaders to carefully manage our expanding family of international brands.Our international leadership team is focused on driving growth for our enterprise around the world (Willet, Robert, BY CEO International). † Competitor Analysis: Best Buys competitors are store-based retailers, internet-based tillers, multiple channel retailers, and vendors who offer products directly to the consumer. â€Å"They are competing amongst many others in the market for position as the top retail brand for electronic goods. U. S. Shoppers spend more than 126 billion dollars a year on electronic goods and more than 26% of it is totaled at Best Buy.For electronic purchases Best Buy remains as the top choice amongst consumers (Khan, A. ). † The major players are mass merchandisers like Walter Corporation, Amazon. Com and Apple Inc. (also a supplier). Unlike Best Buy, Walter offers much ore than Just electronics but they are growing in the electronics industry. In order to keep their prices low, Walter uses a low profit margin, high volume sales technique by squeezing their suppliers to name their price. To combat this, Best Buy must maintain their image as the ‘best shopping experience' retailer with a young, tech as'. N. , knowledgeable sales staff to assist customers and provide customer service unmatchable by Walter. In Ochs 4 addition best buy must maintain a strong, relationship on good terms with its suppliers because they are limited and also offer a price matching policy to match a rice offered by a certain store or retailer. To compete with Amazon. Com Best Buy must promote their brick and mortar, instant gratification business model. Unlike Best B uy, Amazon cannot boast physical, face to face customer service experience improvement to their website and online sales strategy since many consumers are moving towards online purchasing.One of the major risks Best Buy faces currently is the act of show-rooming. This is where customer go to the big box store to gain valuable information from the staff about a product and comparison shop, then go and purchase it elsewhere for a better price (Amazon. Mom). According to CEO Hubert Jolly: â€Å"Best Buy estimates that 1 5 percent of its customers come into the store with the intention of shortcoming, that number is only likely to increase (Macrame, M). † Since Apple is one of Best Buys vendors they must be careful with methods used to compete for customers.One of the main advantages Best Buy has in this situation is that they are actually able to offer their Apple products for a lower price than the Apple Store, while still maintaining strong customer service, warranties, and su pport as one would receive in the Apple store. New Opportunities: Best Buy faces ever rowing fierce competition as the consumer electronics industry continues to grow and new technologies are rapidly being innovated. There is much room for growth and new opportunities Best Buy can take advantage of to remain at the top of the market.One of the most significant threats Best Buy faces is the increasing amount of virtual retail sales in the consumer electronics industry, but this is also an opportunity. The first recommendation for Best Buy is to continuously innovate and improve the website to encourage online sales. Perhaps IT should undergo website redesign to offer easier web navigation/ characteristics similar to that of Amazon. Com. The second recommendation is the need to promote the advantages and benefits of shopping in store rather than at other online retailers like Amazon. Com.Such benefits include direct communication between representative and customer, fewer technologica l issues of ordering, easy returning methods, and the assurance the product will be received in perfect condition and on time rather than damaged or lost in transportation. The third recommendation is to move beyond the current business to consumer model and expand into business to business operations. This would positively increase clientele base and open up a CSS 5 huge new market segment uninhabited by many CE competitors. Next Best Buy needs to reconsider its management structure.Part of the reason for its plummets in sales was poor management style who were reluctant to change company strategy and adapt; they were not ready for competition. Best Buy has made efforts to update management which had a positive outcome. We see in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 2013 â€Å"the company reported net earnings of $293 million, compared to a loss of $379 million in the previous period, driven by its reduced costs and improved operational efficiency. The effort of the retailer to i mprove profitability, which includes reorganization of its field and store management structure (Wolf, A). Lastly, Best Buys strengths lie in customer service so the ability to attain strong customer relationships will go far. Some ideas to accomplish this is to provide better employee training to specialize employees to understand the customers wants and needs better. This will help make the employees more knowledgeable to offer more expertise help on particular products and features that other competitors simply cannot offer, which ultimately results in happy customers. When satisfied, the company back to the top as the number one electronics retailer.

Global warming and immigration Essay

Climate change is the long term alteration of global weather patterns particularly temperature and storm activity which occur as a result of the greenhouse effect. With scholars predicting deterioration in global environmental conditions in the 21st century, we must focus our attention on the implications this situation will have particularly to human population and settlement. The resulting displacement has led to a rise in â€Å"environmental refugees† as more communities leave their homes in search of alternative sources of livelihood. (Ketel, 2004, p. 2) Immigration due to Global warming A study by the United Nations reveals that human migration caused by global warming is expected to surpass all previous displacements. The effects of flooding, desertification and environmental pollution are partly or wholly credited to global warming (Ketel, 2004, p. 15). In countries such as Zimbabwe and Bangladesh which experience perennial flooding, community based and non-governmental organizations are collaborating with the local communities to raise awareness on disaster preparedness and disaster management practices. The Zimbabwe Case study Most of north and eastern Zimbabwe has been demarcated as flood prone areas, particularly the districts of Mzarabani and Guruve located within the low lying Zambezi basin. Initially, these areas were sparsely populated due to adverse environmental conditions that rendered them uninhabitable. However after realizing that the area had a high economic potential, the government opened it up for agricultural exploitation and settlement a condition that has exposed its inhabitants to floods and mudslides. Successful undertakings Since 2008, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) has participated in relief efforts to provide assistance to families in these areas such as providing blankets, tarpaulins, mosquito nets and water purifying tablets as well as coordinating information on the number of displaced people and where they have been resettled. Community based projects have been initiated aimed at empowering the local community with the skills to withstand flooding thereby mitigating its effects. Structural measures were aimed at constructing dams and channels to control run-off during the rainy season while non-structural measures focused on resettlement, forecasting and setting aside areas to settle the displaced. (Madamombe, 2005, p. 18) In early 2007, such efforts bore fruit as hundreds of families were safely evacuated into Arda Estates of Mzarabani District following devastating floods that swept away over 600 homesteads in Chadereka Village. The displaced families were then allocated small plots within the Estates for subsistence farming while the remainder had to rely on handouts from NGOs such as Catholic Development Commission (CADEC) and IOM. Assistance required in undertaking program These projects required some level of assistance in the form of multi-sectoral meetings on flood management, funding, campaigns and governmental legislation on disaster management. The Zimbabwe government introduced the Civil Protection Act, the Water Act (1998) and the Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Management Act each aimed at addressing an action plan of action for disaster management/mitigation. Zimbabwe is also a member of the Zambezi Action Program (ZACPRO), an initiative which aims to integrate all countries lying within the Zambezi basin to utilize it as a shared resource. However, each country follows its own policy on managing its portion of the Zambezi basin. (Madamombe, 2004, p. 3) Shortcomings The Zimbabwe government faced a variety of hurdles in its resettlement efforts; inadequate funding, disease, resistance from local families and logistical barriers. The government’s expenditure on disaster management is quite minimal and hence in a major catastrophe, private sector and international community would have to be approached for assistance. (Madamombe, 2005, p. 20) Since resettlement is a recurrent process, most displaced families returned to their homes preferring to risk another flood than surrender their dignity and independence by living in resettlement camps. Conflicts due to poor vetting of displaced persons led to undeserving cases receiving handouts while the genuine cases remained in despair and uncertainty. Greater effort is therefore required in undertaking civic education to curtail the humanitarian situation from spiraling out of control. References Ketel, H. (2004). Global Warming and Human Migration: Climate Change, Human Systems and Policy. Oxford, UK: Eolss Publishers. Madamombe, E. (2004) Zimbabwe: Flood Management Practices – Selected Flood prone areas Zambezi Basin. Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization/Global Water Partnership. Madamombe, E. (2005). Associated Programme on Flood Management: Overview Situation Paper on Flood Management Practices. Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization/Global Water Partnership.

Changing Tire Essay

Most people know how to change the tires of a car, it is a skill people should know in order to survive if a roadside flat tire occurs. Changing tires usually happens in a shop or when a roadside flat tire occurs, males are usually do a better job and know more about changing tires; however, there are females who changes tires but rarely. My dad had taught me how to change tires just in case a roadside flat tire occurs and it would be a good skill to know. When changing a tire, safety is the most important thing. The ground should be flat and stable when a tire is being change, the emergency brake should be on in case of sliding down the road. The right tools to use while changing the tire are very important, and if a mechanic is changing a tire for a job they usually wear something to get down on the ground and get dirty. In order to change a tire the first thing a person needs to do is to check the areas to see if it is a safe place to do so. Some people take the safety very serious, the vehicle could roll down the hill if the emergency break isn’t on or it would be bad to jack the car up when the ground is slanted. After checking the area, get out all the tools that are needed to change the tire. The tools that are usually needed are the jack, a wrench, and a spare tire. The jack is to use to lift the vehicle off of the ground so the tire can come off the vehicle. A wrench is to twist and loosen the lug nuts off of the tire and the new tire is to repair for the flat tire or the new one. Now that the area is checked and the tools are out it’s time for changing the tire. To change the tire, the vehicle needs to be lifted up with the jack. Place the jack under the frame near the tire that is needed to be change. Make sure that the jack is in contact with the metal portion of the car’s frame. After the jack is in the right place, start raising the jack up to where the tire is off the ground and make sure the jack is stabilized. After the tire is off of the ground, begin loosening up the lug nuts by using the wrench to twist. There are different sizes of wrench to fit different sizes of lug nuts. Find the correct size then loosen the lug nuts by turning it counterclockwise (left), don’t take the lug nuts all the way off, just break the resistance with the wrench first. The lug nuts take a lot of power to start loosen it up, after just loosen the lug nuts off it might be easier to use hands to twist it completely off. When all the lug nuts are off, the tire should be easy to come off as well. If the tire is hard to take off by hands, kick or hit the tire a little to loosen it up or lift the tire up a little to take it off. Sometimes if the vehicle isn’t lifted high enough it would stop the tire from coming off. In that case, pump up the jack more and lift the tire off of the ground so it might help. After the old tire is removed, replace the spare tire. To replace the spare tire correctly, the rim of the spare tire needs to be aligned with the wheel bolts, then put on the lug nuts. Tighten the lug nuts by hand until they are all snug then tighten them all the way by using the wrench. After the lug nuts are being tightened, lower the jack down. Once the car is lowered, tighten the lug nuts more to make sure the lug nuts are as tight as possible. The final step would be putting all the tools away and the flat or changed tire away. Changing a tire isn’t the hardest job but it can be tough for people who have never experienced it. It is a skill that needs to be learned if a roadside flat tire occurs and no one is around to help. A spare tire and tools are usually in the trunk when a tire is needed to be changed if it’s in the middle of nowhere. Safety is the most important part, and doing the steps correctly will make this process easier.

Foreclosure Crisis and Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foreclosure Crisis and Cities - Essay Example At the beginning of 2008, with the weakening of US economy and losing of jobs, these defaults became millions and many Americans with plain-vanilla prime mortgages were also in trouble for making the repayment. Some borrowers were compelled to give up the repayment, finding that they had paid inflated prices for houses while others were in trouble by borrowing against the equity in their homes. According to Federal Reserve, more than $1.1 trillion of equities were withdrawn in 2007-08. Even the borrowers who have stable jobs started to see these negative equities as reason for stopping the payments and by the beginning of 2009, one-sixth of the homeowners found default borrowers, culminating the foreclosure crisis (Immerdeck, 2009). A large number of foreclosed dwellings all around the country were left vacant when the owners just walked away from the properties as they were unable to repay the loans. These empty dwellings created blight and contributed to the deterioration of neighb orhood. This resulted in the drop of property value and increase of crimes.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

English - Essay Example In football, the players use their hands throughout the game except the first kick. On the other hand, the match is also regulated by different timings. For soccer, each tournament is composed of two halves each lasting 45 minutes usually with a 15 minute break in between. Football is composed of four quarters each lasting 15 minutes each. The elements of the game also vary in these two games. Soccer requires player to wear shirt, sock, stockings, footwear, and shin guards. Football players are wears more necessary protection which is composed of three protections: head protection for the upper body; leg protection for the lower appendage; and body protection for the arms and middle body. However, the most common distinction is the type ball which is used. In soccer, the ball is round and made of synthetic leather with 22 inch diameter. On the other hand, the ball in football is pointed oval shaped made up of four pieces of leather stitched together. These differentiating factors mentioned above set the games apart from each other. The style of the game, its elements, and the type of balls utilized each contribute to their uniqueness. However, it is irrefutable are both world’s favorites as they are equally distinct and

Reaction essay about enlightenment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction about enlightenment - Essay Example While Frederick was a diehard supporter of both art and philosophy, he came up with some laws that barred the press freedom. However, the freedom that the press enjoyed under him was comparatively laudable. Frederick advocated for agricultural reforms and sought to bring as many colonists as possible under Prussia. To achieve this, he repeatedly de-linked himself from ideas of nationality or religious affiliations. Instead, he made the Prussians understand that a person’s nationality or religion was of little concern to him. This triggered massive immigration into Prussia thus setting a stage of quick recovery of his nation that had suffered great losses from the wars. Also, similar to leading personalities in the Age of Enlightenment, Frederick was linked to Freemasonry and his adherence made the group legitimate as well as protected their interests. A reflection of some of the reforms that Frederick the Great made or sought to accomplish, as well as the laws which were passed under his regime clearly sets him apart as an enlightened absolutions. Essentially, enlightened leaders embraced the ideals of the Enlightenment, more so its insistence on governance through rationalities. During his childhood, Frederick was tutored by French instructors who not only instilled French culture in him, but also introduced him to both the Roman and Greek classical literature. However, his father was against this and wanted his son to study matters pertaining to politics and military. Following an attempt by Frederick and his friend to escape across the border away from his father’s regime, he had to suffer prison term after his arrest. Also, he had to watch his friend being beheaded for the same mistake. This perhaps informs his decision to revamp the judicial system, bring to an end torture, and establish Prussia’s first crimina l code. The age of Enlightenment was also characterised by territorial protection and economic empowerment. Frederick was keen to

Slavery and Race in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Slavery and Race in the USA - Essay Example 'Racism' started its origin from the field of sports when baseball distinguished between two teams, 'blacks' and 'whites'. The teams used to show sense of honour when the communities to which they represented, win. It was due to the separate block of black institutions that caused feelings of a separate 'race' among black Americans. Kelly & Lewis (2000) writes that it was the utmost efforts of those segregated institutions to exclude black community from every walk of American life including education, jobs, civil services etc. Even the situation got worse when in many cases it was observed that African Americans started paying heavy taxes and duties in order to acquire public facilities which were free of cost for Americans, hence the Great War was an eye opening occurrence for blacks, after which they realised to be a separate identity from that of whites, and that whites never accepted them. The main reason was the 'stamp' of slavery on blacks, for which the whites still considere d them as slaves. World War I where on one hand infused the spirit of 'democracy' among African Americans, on the other hand it remain failed to cope up with the segregated units, which started building among blacks and whites. Blacks possessed the view, which negated the presence of any skin colour, so they expected whites to behave with them in accordance with equality and justice. Hence the new understanding of social relations of the world war rights era authorised African Americans thereby giving new dimensions of race, class and ethnicity. Worst situations were created after Afro- Americans started getting urbanised. After the new perception which whites taught the blacks, blacks considered white Americans to be their worst opponents, which would never turn into their allies. The main reason behind such attitude was the experience of blacks which majority acquired. Collins (2004) writes that blacks were directly or indirectly affected by the racial discrimination identified by whites. World War I infused a new seed of hatred that strengthened the bond of 'racial discrimination' among the whites and blacks. In 1930s racial discrimination went on its peak after blacks joined umpteen gangs who used to create violence among those areas influenced by whites' majority. According to Collins (2004) 1 "African Americans were often accused of the crime of raping White women which resulted in lynching". (Collins, 2004, p. 222) Such violent acts gave rise to many civil rights organisations like NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) and National Urban League, which worked, for the rights of black communities. Harlem Renaissance Among the major problems created by World War was the urbanisation of African Americans due to the isolation they were confronted to. This isolation created classes among various black groups. The whites already did the segregation, now the rest of the task was carried out by black ghettos. Urbanisation increased the emergence of a gay, lesbian, and bisexual presence within urban African American communities. (Collins,

Marketing Design And Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Design And Operations - Essay Example A right mix of marketing strategies is important to be implied for attaining successful results. One of the most important reasons for this addition is the rapid rise in the invention of new technology and its growing importance in all walks of life. The 4 P’s are four marketing activities, namely: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. A right mix of these helps a company satisfy customers and achieve objectives. Originally there were 12 elements that had been deemed necessary parts of a marketing mix. They were then divided into two categories: things being offered (the product, services, packaging, brand name and the price), second were tools. In 1965 these twelve were grouped in such a way as to form 4 categories instead of twelve. They are considered as a key to a marketing manager’s success in keeping the customers happy. In 1980 two authors tried to fit the marketing mix to the services sector by adding three more Ps: people, process, and physical evidence. Simila rly, Kotler suggested the addition of political power along with public opinion. This way the mix has been changed and amended to tailor to the needs of the sector, the opinion of the marketing expert or a change in the social structure of the market.3. Purpose of a strategic marketing planning and problems arising with its poor implementationThe main purpose of a strategic marketing plan is to streamline all the various marketing activities into a well devised and proper plan of action.

Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Management - Assignment Example Strategic partnerships with other business organizations have been a key factor which has helped the company in its global expansion and dominance. In general four blocks of competitive advantage has been identified that provides an organization to outcompete its rivals. These are efficiency, customer responsiveness, quality and innovation. These factors help a firm to achieve either lower cost or higher product differentiation which in turn provides competitive advantage. In case of Federal Express for the company to maintain its profitability above average it is integral that it continues to develop its logistics more robustly (Gendron, 2012). The development of logistics services began from the period of 80’s and all the major competitors began to provide logistics services to assist the business customers in activities like assembly operation, warehousing and distribution. This can help the organization to develop its customer responsiveness and contribute in the long term-profitability. Better logistics management can help the customers to meet their customized requirements into a standardized physical network. Two direct advantages can be derived from this firstly, the reduction of cost and secondly higher cost capacity utilization. The customers can achieve higher level of satisfaction from the better security arising from this. Therefore, it seems plausible that higher investment in the BLS Division of the company which takes care of the logistics division is likely to bring more customers for the company which in turn will help in achieving higher revenues. This strategy is better than the price cutting strategy as such behavior often induces similar responses from the competitors which may fail to provide benefits in the long-run. Also UPS one of the biggest rivals of Federal Express had focused heavily on improving its logistics services in order to retain its competitive advantage throughout 2000’s. This is perhaps one of the

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 83

Essay Example Knowledge of organizational behavior empowers managers to understand employees’ emotions as well as reasons for employees’ behaviors for appropriate managerial decisions and practices that can control the behaviors and attitudes to achieve positive results. The knowledge can for example help a manager to understand reasons for employees’ rebellion towards development of a forum for identifying root cause of the problem for reconciliation. The knowledge of organizational behavior also facilitates understanding among employees by promoting tolerance to cultural and behavioral diversity. This is because it explains existence of such diversities and offers approaches for avoiding and managing diversity based conflicts. Employees’ understanding of an organization’s constructs also aligns their personal values and behavior to the organization’s policies, values, and expectations. Employees of an organization with established ethical values, for ins tance, adhere to the stipulated standards. Similarly, understanding an organization’s fundamental values and objectives identifies the organization’s appropriate structure for achieving the values and objective. An organization with diversified objectives such as provision of specialized but differentiated products would for example require a structure with line managers (Phillips and Gully 6). Knowledge of organizational behavior in an organization therefore aligns management practices, employees’ relations, and organizations’ structures to the organization’s environment and

Put the best subject you fell its good Research Paper

Put the best subject you fell its good - Research Paper Example Timur claimed to descent from the family of Ghengis Khan towards the 14th century’s end. Benefiting from the chaos in Mongol Transoxania, he laid the foundations of a kingdom in Central Asia. Timur entered Iran in the year 1380 and after taking Baghdad, reduced the power and domination of the Jalayirids in 1393 (Ghasemi, 2015). He captured Bayezid, the Ottoman Sultan, at Ankara in 1402 and after conquering Syria, shifted his focus towards the capaigns to the east of the empire which was in its nascent stages. Timur passed away on an expedition to China in 1405 (Ghasemi, 2015). He had deep interested in the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism. Timur’s legacy destabilized Iran and his ill-assimilated conquests were divided between his sons in such a way that it was impossible to achieve an integrated and strong Timurid Empire. Timurid state evolved into an integrated Iranian Empire during the reign of Shahrokh Shah, Timur’s son. Shahrokh Shah made Herat the home of P ersian philosophy and poetry revival that was linked with an effort to claim the leadership in Sunni ideology’s propagation for an Iranian center. Western Iran was dominated by Turkman after they had replaced the Jalayirids in Azerbaijan. The Safavids were a militant Islamic Sufi order that came from among the Turkish speaking people at Ardabil. Table 1 shows the Safavid Kings from 1502-1736. In the late 13th century, the Safavids survived Timur’s invasion in the west of the Caspian Sea. The Safavids had adopted Shi’ism by 1500 and were all set to use military means to advance Shi’ism. In 1502, Esma’il, Sheikh Heydar’s son, defeated the ruler of Azerbaijan’s army and seized Tabriz and at 15 years old, Esma’il was declared the Shah (Ghasemi, 2015). His descendants were Shah Tahmasp I, Shah Esma’il II, and Shah Mohammad, each of whom expanded the Empire as far as Transoxiana. The control of Safavid Shahs over Iran

Background of the study Essay Example for Free

Background of the study Essay Suicide is a complex issue that eludes explanation. Theories, studies and researches have been made in order to answer the many questions regarding the nature of suicide and the underlying causes why so many people commit, or even attempt, suicide: confusion, disappointment, heroic glorification, sympathy, anger, moral or religious condemnation (Cholbi, 2006). What causes a person to commit or even think of suicide? What makes a person’s behavior suicidal (Cholbi, 2006)? Is it even rational to commit suicide? During the time of Plato, philosophers argue about the rationality of suicide. Socrates, in Plato’s work Phaedo, argued that suicide is always disgraceful because one attempts to release himself from a â€Å"guard-post† which the gods placed upon him. Plato stressed that although suicide is wrong, there are some exceptions that can be regarded as a justification of suicide. The Stoics, in contrast with these theories, argued that suicide is justifiable when flourishing life is no longer available to the person (Cholbi, 2006). It was the advent of institutional Christianity the brought about the notion that suicide is morally wrong. St. Augustine argued that it is disobedience of the fifth commandment â€Å"Thou shalt not kill†. Even the Renaissance philosophers and Protestants agree to this notion about suicide. However, Protestants believed that it is possible that God treats suicide permissible and that he allows repentance. This notion prevailed into the late seventeenth century. Even John Locke believes that suicide is wrong, that God provide us with the liberty to think for ourselves but that liberty does not include the liberty to destroy ourselves (Locke 1690). The Enlightenment thinkers brought about the examination of suicide through science and psychology. They held out that suicide results from facts about individuals, their psychologies, and the social settings in which they belong to. The nineteenth and early twentieth century brought about modern developments about theories on suicide. Some romanticized these theories by defining suicide as â€Å"the inevitable response of a misunderstood and anguished soul jilted by love or shunned by society† (Liebermann 2003). Some attempted to study suicide through psychiatry. Others, and perhaps the most prevalent perspective today, view suicide as a social illness reflecting isolation, anomie and other attitudinal byproducts of modernity (Cholbi, 2006). This latter development led to a wave of institutionalization of suicidal persons (Cholbi, 2006). Today, suicide is a growing national concern. Suicide is a major cause of public health problem. More and more people die each day because of suicide. In fact, it is estimated that about 1 million people worldwide die each year from suicide (Torpy, 2005). In 2004, a total of 32,439 died by suicide in the United States while an estimate of 811,000 suicide attempts are made each year. An average of 1 person every 16. 2 minutes killed themselves. Suicide ranks as the eleventh leading cause of death in the United States as compared to homicide which ranks as fifteenth only (Macintosh, 2006). These rates may be higher since some suicide deaths may not be recorded like motor vehicle accidents that may result from suicide by the driver or deaths where the cause cannot be determined if it is suicide or murder. Among the races in the United States, from 1994-1998 Native Americans have the highest suicide rate with 12. 71 per 100,000 population followed closely by whites with 12. 61 and then African Americans with 6. 4. However, in 2004, statistics show that whites have the highest suicide rata with 24. 7 followed by the Native American with 12. 9. Males have higher risk of suicide than females. From 1994-1998, suicide rates among males were four to six times higher than females. In 2004, males still have higher suicide rates with 17. 7 than females with 4. 6. However, females have higher suicide attempt rates than males. It is estimated that three females for every one male attempt suicide each year. It is reported that suicide risk tends to increase with age. Older persons aged 65 and above have higher risk of suicide since they have a higher incidence of depression and have greater use of lethal weapons. However, suicide among adolescents is a major cause of death. It is, in fact, the third leading cause of death among people between the ages of 15 and 24 (cite). Out of the 32,439 suicide cases in the US in 2004, 4,316 were aged between 15 and 24. An average of 1 young person every 2 hours and 2. 1 minutes killed himself (Macintosh, 2006). Experts say that for every teenager that dies of suicide, ten other teenagers attempt to commit suicide. In a survey done by the National Youth Prevention Resource Center, it was found that about one in five teenagers have thought of suicide, about one in six made plans to commit suicide, and more than one in twelve attempted suicide. Because of the alarming cases of suicide, suicide prevention is made a bureaucratic and medical occupation. Many studies were conducted to understand the underlying causes of suicide and suicidal behavior in order to determine appropriate solutions to prevent suicide cases and attempts. The suicide problem is complex ranging from psychological to social and even religious factors. As mentioned previously, studying suicide through psychology helps determine the relationship between suicide and the state and characteristics of the human mind and behavior. Through psychology, reasons why certain groups such as adolescents and young adults have higher suicide potential than others can be understood. Adolescence is considered as a crucial stage because it is the time a person experiences a lot of changes, where abstract thinking, law of morality, and ideology are developed (Christie Viner, 2005). During this stage, the adolescent is starting to develop acceptance ideas and reactions to situations. Because of this, they are easily influenced making them vulnerable to disappointing situations that may result to depression and consequently, suicide. According to Bennet (1994), adolescents and young adults with history of depression, a previous suicide attempt, a family history of psychiatric disorders, family disruption, and certain chronic or debilitating physical disorders or psychiatric illness are at higher risk of committing or attempting suicide. Among these factors, depression was found out to be the most common clinical syndrome of suicidal behavior (Petrie Chamberlain, 1983)and approximately 66 percent of those who attempted suicide have depressive symptoms (Rich, Sherman, Fowler, 1990). Psychological pains are commonly caused by sociological factors such as exposure to suicide or suicide attempts, relationships, and interactions among the member of the society and may increase the potential of having suicidal behaviors thus psychology and sociology are interrelated disciplines when it comes to determining the causes of suicide. Sociology encompasses several issues such as culture, media, peer, family, demographics, ethnicity, and socioeconomics that may influence the behavior and thinking of adolescents and young adults. Adolescents are part of the society and the interactions occurring into it such as friendship. Friends and peers are parts of the social network and is one of the central contexts for adolescents (Bearman Moody, 2004). Adolescents who are still at the stage of finding their identity needed strong association and belonging and that isolation from peers leads to lower estimations of self-worth and self confidence (Tani, Chavez, Deffenbacher, 2001). Media is also a strong influence on adolescents and young adults. Young people are very much exposed to popular media such as television, radio, movies, Internet, and reading materials. Since they are at the stage where they are easily influenced, they tend to copy the values and actions depicted by what they see in the media. Religious beliefs and practices influence the behavior and thinking of most people including the young adults. Religion is considered as a significant part of peoples way of living, resulting to various beliefs about issues. It is perceived that the more a person is religiously committed; he is more likely to avoid suicide since suicide is considered to be a mortal sin for most religions. Kendler et. al. (2003) found that some dimensions of religiosity are related to reduced risk of particular psychiatric disorders. Malone et. al.(2000) also suggests that religion can provide reasons for living. This allows people experiencing depressive episodes to be more optimistic about life, reducing the feeling of hopelessness and thus reducing the risk of committing suicide. Dervic et. al. (2004) supports this notion by suggesting that religious affiliation is associated with less suicidal behavior in depressed patients and that religiously affiliated subjects may function as protective factors against suicide attempts (p. 2303). Thus, religion is a major factor that can impact a person’s suicidal behavior. Researches have been made regarding the psychological, sociological and religious aspects of suicide. However, there is a lack of research connecting these three aspects. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine suicide through linking psychological, sociological and religious perspectives on suicide. First, earlier research studies relating to each discipline will be examined. Then each discipline will be compared to the other two. Studying suicide through an interdisciplinary approach will help in giving a wider perspective and understanding about the underlying causes of suicide. It will also help in determining appropriate solutions in order to prevent suicide and to help those who have already attempted suicide. Possible solutions that might be determined will not just help suicidal persons psychologically but in all aspects as well, that is, mentally, physically and spiritually. The study is limited to the data and studies made by earlier researchers about adolescent suicide. The scope of the study is broad and attempts to address important issues and developments from each discipline based on earlier researches.

The Different Flood Myths

The Different Flood Myths In the following essay, I am going to examine the flood myth that is written in The Epic of Gilgamesh, and compare its similarities and differences to the one that is found in the Book of Genesis. In both works, there is an immense flood that engulfs the earth. The question that remains to be answered is, is this the same flood recorded in both texts? The corresponding elements that occur between both texts have been somewhat of a puzzling issue for some researchers. On first speculation, it would be fair to say that both coincide with each other due to the major similarity between them. However, subtle differences could prove otherwise. The flood myth in The Epic of Gilgamesh was written somewhere around 2750 and 2500 BCE  [1]  , whereas the Book of Genesis 6-9 was written around 500BC  [2]  . It could be said that the Biblical authors were aware of the flood recorded on Tablet XI and may have adapted it to correspond with the writings of the Biblical text. Alexander Heidel explores three central theories about how the two accounts may be linked. He states that first, the Babylonians borrowed from the Hebrew account; second, the Hebrew account is dependent on the Babylonian; third, both are descended from a common original.  [3]  Heidel goes on to say that because The Epic of Gilgamesh was written before the Book of Genesis The most widely accepted explanation today is the second, namely, that the biblical account is based on Babylonian material.  [4]  However, a theory of this nature causes some controversy within the Christian faith as it could be said that it mat question the reliability of the Bible. As I have previously stated, both myths share many of the same elements. Merrill F. Unger believes that when comparing the two, there are certain components that have to be looked at, in order to create and understanding of both accounts; the first being that the flood was planned by the god in both The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis . Secondly, that a warning was given to both protagonists prior to the flood happening. Thirdly, is that the flood is connected with the destruction of mankind. Another being, the protagonist and his family were allowed to escape from the disaster. The building of the vessel to protect various life-forms is another. Also, what should be noted is the physical destruction of each flood and the duration of it. The landing place of the boat should also be mentioned and the releasing of the birds. Finally, the last similar element that should be discussed are the sacrifices the heros presented to their gods and what they received in return.  [5]  Although these similarities cannot be ignored, Kenneth A. Kitchen says that there are also many differences that run through each of the flood accounts, even though the general similarities suggest a definite relationship between the two traditions.  [6]  Kitchen goes on to say that it is these differences that provides a clear view of w hy the flood happened, that they define the characters of the gods and protagonists. By using specific details such as, the landing places of the ships, the releasing of the birds, numbers and genders of the surviving animals and humans and the building of the ships, we can compare the differences, enabling one to study the relationship between the flood accounts in both The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis.  [7]  Both stories tell a tale about a righteous figure who is informed by divine beings that a great flood is going to destroy the earth. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, the main protagonist of this myth, Utnapishtim, is met by Gilgamesh whilst on his journey in pursuit of immortality. Utnapishtim is asked by Gilgamesh how he became immortal and that is when he tells him about the flood that happened in a city called Shurrupak, which stands on the banks of the river Euphrates.  [8]  It is the noise that man makes the Gods deem to be intolerable, so they decide to eli minate all of mankind. The god of waters, Ea, is the one to warn Utnapishtim of what is about to come.  [9]  In the Book of Genesis, God recognises how man has become wicked, so in turn, God feels it necessary to flood the earth and be rid of man. We learn that Noah is seen by God as a righteous man and is spared, [Noah]found grace in the eyes of the Lord.  [10]  Noah is then told by God to build an ark and take both his family and two of every animal with him. The first similarity to notice here is the use of divine involvement in both myths. However, it is here where a difference occurs. In the Book of Genesis, it is evident that monotheism (only one god) is present. Whereas, in The Epic of Gilgamesh, it is clear to see that polytheism is visible (more than one god). As stated previously, the gods in The Epic of Gilgamesh want to flush out mankind because of their noise. The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reasons of the babel  [11]  . While in Genesis, God floods the earth because of the wickedness of man. It repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.  [12]  I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth. . . .  [13]   In addition to this, mans fate is to die in the epic, yet in Genesis, Noah tries to save the evil by preaching to them. This again is a striking difference between the two myths. Additionally to this, in both the Book of Genesis and The Epic of Gilgamesh, the hero of the story is warned prior to facing the major disaster and vessels are built to shield them from the catastrophic flood, to maintain the life of each species. Utnapishtim is told not to take anything of worth on the boat, but does so anyway. Like in the Book of Genesis, animals are taken on the boat and the storm continues for six days and nights.  [14]  In the epic, Utnapishtim is warned though a dream by Ea, whereas God tells Noah about the coming flood in G enesis, and it rains for forty days and forty nights. Something that can also be found in both accounts is the use of the number seven. In the Book of Genesis the world was created in seven days. The number seven also appears in the flood account. After seven days the waters of the flood were upon the earth  [15]  . This is also apparent in The Epic of Gilgamesh. Although the rain only lasts for six days and six nights, when the storm calms and the boat lands, it remains there for seven days. In the epic, the storm calms on the seventh day and the boat stops at the mountain of Nisir. After a week, Utnapishtim releases birds from the boat. This is also parallel to what happens in the Book of Genesis. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim releases three birds from the vessel. First he releases a dove which returns because there is no food or resting place. A wallow is then sent out, but still returns. Then finally, a raven is set free and does not return, meaning it has found land and food. I loosed a dovebut finding no resting-place she returnedthen I loosed a swallow, and she flew away but finding no resting-place she returnedI loosed a ravenand she did not come back  [16]  . In the Book of Genesis, Noah also does this but only using two birds. First a raven that returns and secondly a dove that brings back an olive branch. It could be said that the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace and that mankinds suffering has now come to an end.  [17]  In addition, a raven could be seen as a messenger of the gods, so by using this particular species of bird in each myth, it highlights the powers that the deities have in both texts. However, the subtle difference is that in the Book of Genesis, the raven was unsuccessful, whereas in Gilgamesh it was the raven who found land. This could link to my earlier point that in the epic, that the fate of mankind will always lay in the hands of the gods. Yet, in Genesis, the symbol of peace, suggests that God has put an end to the punishment of mankind and will let them begin a new life. Another similarity is that both Utnapishtim, in the epic, and Noah, in Genesis thank the Gods for sparing them from the flood. However, they offer their thanks in different ways. In Gilgamesh, Utnapishtim pours out a libation on the top of the mountain.  [18]  Yet, Noah builds an altar for God. Then Noah built an altar to the Lord  [19]  . Furthermore, both protagonists make a sacrifice once the flood had ended. In the Book of Genesis, Noah is told by God to leave the ark, Leave the ark, you and your wife, your sons and their wives  [20]  Noah then makes a sacrifice to God by burning some animals on the altar that he made. In The Epic of Gilgamesh a sacrifice is also made to the Gods. Yet, when Utnapishtim offers a sacrifice, Enlil is enraged because Utnapishtim was excluded from the destruction of all man. Then Ea persuades Enlil that Utnapishtim escaped through his own means, and Utnapishtim is then granted immortality by Enlil. Finally, there is a symbol shown, in both texts, to indicate that the earth will not be flooded by the gods again. In Gilgamesh there is a necklace and it is exclaimed that the gods will not forget these days  [21]  . Whereas in Genesis a rainbow appears. I do set my bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth.  [22]  Both flood accounts in The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis are extremely alike as well as possessing major differences. As the source of each flood story differs between the two, there can be some conclusions brought up about the Babylonian culture in comparison to the Hebrew culture. As stated previously, polytheism is apparent throughout the Babylonian culture and they believe that the gods are separate from each other and that they have restricted power. So, the people cannot always rely on the gods to be rewarding to the serving and the just. Additionally, monotheism is u sed within the Hebrew culture, where God is seen as almighty, that his power is unrestricted and he is good. The belief is that God created the world that is orderly and therefore rewards men who worship him. However, this theory is dependent on each individuals personal moral grounds. What I wanted to examine throughout this essay is the relationship between the flood myths that occur in both The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Genesis. There are three theories that could possibly link the two that I would like to discuss; the first being that The Epic of Gilgamesh may have been derived from the Genesis account. However, the epic flood myth was written long before the one found in Genesis. So, because of the dates in which both of the flood accounts were written, this theory has been disproved. Another hypothesis that may link the two is that the account found in the Book of Genesis may have been taken from the one found in The Epic of Gilgamesh and altered slightly. Conversely, this theory poses some major complications. If this were true, then the writer of the Genesis account would have had to thoroughly go over the Epic and change many of its components. Things such as the reason why the gods decided to cause the flood, changing it to a righteous motivation. Also, descriptions of the flood would have had to be altered, making it to be universal so the whole account would be credible. Lastly, changing the use of polytheism to a completely monotheistic world would have been very difficult. So, even though there are major mirroring images between the two, this would have been almost impossible to recreate, rendering this theory to be inconceivable. The most plausible possibility is the third theory, that both of the flood accounts may have come from one event. Kenneth A. Kitchen believes that it is probable that The Hebrew and Babylonian accounts may go back to a common ancient tradition, but are not borrowed directly from each other.  [23]  After cons idering all of the similar and dissimilar elements of both texts, it seems that in The Epic of Gilgamesh, a warped account of an event was recorded, which lost its historical precision and it could be said, that the version recorded in the Book of Genesis may be a more precise report of the disaster. So, to conclude, after comparing the two accounts of the flood in each text, it is evident that there is a relationship between the two, despite the many differences. Each story provides a learning curve from culture to culture about historical events though the medium of storytelling. Separate cultures develop over time, and it would be fair to say that it inevitable that some events are going to become overlapped and repeated throughout different historical and religious texts.

Theories in Audience Research

Theories in Audience Research Communication as a complex process which is text have both an explicit and an implicit agenda. (Ruddock, 2001). According to Ruddock, persuasion is achieved not only through information but also through controlling how people make sense of information as nowadays mass media were persuasive on so far as they offered audiences seductive ‘knowledge positions’ that made sense of a chaotic world. (Ruddock, 2001, p.222). Stuart Hall argue that messages have a complex structure of dominance because at each stage they are, imprinted by institutional power relations. (Hall, 1980). Furthermore, in a particular stages a message only can be received at recognizable or appropriate stage where the message is to be used or understood at least somewhat against the grain. (Hall, 1980). This means that power relations at the point to production, will loosely fit those at the point of consumption. (Hall, 1980). In this way, the communication circuit is also a circuit which reproduces a pattern of domination. (Hall, 1980). Hall theory is ideological only and media is powerful when audiences encode from it. There are three challenges of encoding and decoding, Hall argued that (i) meaning is not simply fixed or determined by the sender (ii) the message is never transparent (iii) the audience is not a passive recipient of meaning. (Hall 1973). According to Hall, encoding and decoding is conventional model of communication to be found within mass communications research. This model moves in a linear fashion from the ‘sender’ through the ‘message’ to the ‘receiver’. (RED: 253). According to this model, the sender creates the message and fixes its meaning, which can only be transparently when communicated to the recipient. Hall theory on communication process is system can distort message which receiver might not getting the message they want to or expect (RED: 253). On the other hand, Hall are more on interested on the different way audiences generate and react from the message rather than discover the meaning. (RED: 253). The example implies in Hall t heory are the sender of information will never will be perceived by the target audience in the way they expect because of the chain of discourse. Furthermore, when we recognize that these circumstances will result in messages being imprinted by institutional power-relations as they pass through these stages which we will realize that a message cannot be transparent, because there can be no ‘raw’ presentation of any information. (Hall, 1973). Besides, this reasons also extend to the moment of consumption and distribution which is Uses and Gratification the theory states that consumers are not a passive audience but an active recipients of meaning. (Hall, 1973). On the other hand, the decoding of messages is a complex process which making sense by audience and it will shaped by the imprints of reception, social and economic relations and structures of understanding before any kind of practice or consciousness can be happen. (Hall, 1973). Besides, consumers are for both wh ich is receivers and as a source to understanding of a message. The description as a ’lack of fit’ between the ‘encoders’ as producers and ‘decoders’ as a consumers is an unpredictability because of the codes offered by mass media through conveyed messages to receiver can be interpreted in three ways which is through a dominant reading where the receiver accepts and reproduces the code. (Hall, 1973). For a negotiated reading, normally the code is accepted but partly only shared thus an oppositional reading is the receiver understands the reading but rejects the code. (Hall, 1973). According to Hall notes, â€Å"hierarchically organized into dominant or preferred meanings† (p. 513), some knowledge become institutionalized because there is a preferred reading that is imprinted by a social order (institutional/political/ideological). (Hall, 1973). He argues that although we have polysemy, or multiple meanings, we do not have pluralism. Thi s will result in some messages from the media becoming commonsense constructs, as we enforce certain semantic domains and† rule items into and out of their appropriate meaning-sets† (p. 514). When consumers are faced with messages, and make sense of them within the hegemony of dominant code, they will reproduce already dominant definitions. (Hall, 1973). Hall were insert a semiotic paradigm into a social framework which to clearing the way for both which is textualist and ethnographic work. (Hall, 1973). Hall’s essay has been important to the study of media which is fieldwork like David Morley. He has proceeded model has been criticized for his model which is sender, message and receiver. (Agosto de, 2006) According to Agosto, it is a concentration on the level of message exchange and for the absence of a structured conception of the different moments as a complex structure of relations. (Agosto de, 2006). On Halls theory, his has own militant, position, where he insists that the ‘preferred reading’ is undoubtedly a property of the text which means can be identified on the analysis itself. (Hall 1994). In my opinion, if Hall is right on the textual analysis there are still has many important place in audience work rather than many subsequent scholars have recognized it. However, we cannot deny that textual analysis by dissolving the text into its readings or contextual uses, the question still remains as to the nature of the text that we should analyze. (Agosto de, 2006) At one time, under the influence of structuralist theories of language and meaning (de Saussure 1974; Hall 1981) it seemed obvious that content analysis could be of little help, because of the way in which it disaggregates texts into their atomized constituent parts and according to structuralism to gives them their meanings. (Agosto de, 2006) Besides, as we know from many studies of viewing practices peop le from the whole actually do not consume whole texts on television even though they still do in cinema. (Agosto de, 2006) In plus, in the age of the remote control device, they watch cannibalized schedules of their own construction, as they jump from one bit of programming to another which the structural relations within any one programme will be irrelevant, except in that particular sub-category of viewing in which people will sit down and watch the their favourite programmes. (Agosto de, 2006). Acoording to David Morley’s research involving Nationwide has become an important study when concerning audiences. Morley outlined three hypothetical position which the reader might occupy dominant reading whereas the reader shares the programmes ‘code’ Code means systems of values, attitudes, beliefs and assumptions and fully accepts by the programmes as to be ‘preferred reading’ Furthermore, negotiated reading is the reader partially shares the programmes code and its preferred reading, however they modify it which reflects their position and interest. (Hall, 1973). Oppositional reading is where the reader does not share the programme’s code and completely rejects the preferred reading, which brings an alternative frame of interpretation. (Hall, 1973). A further, fundamental problem about matters of interpretation is raised by Condit (1989) and Caragee (1990) who both argue that many audience scholars have exaggerated the extent of the polyse my of meanings of media texts and ignored the limits placed by texts themselves on the process of interpretation. (Agosto de, 2006). Their argument that most texts have meanings which are perfectly clear to the majority of their readers who only differ in their evaluation of them, takes us back to another unresolved issue raised long ago by John Corner (1981). This concerns the need to disentangle the elements of comprehension and evaluation which are intertwined in the Encoding or Decoding model. This takes into deep water, as Hall`s original (1973) argument was that, in any society characterized by significant cultural divisions, and thus a `systematically distorted` system of communication (Habermas 1970) the elements of comprehension and evaluation will inevitably be intertwined with some kinds of interpretations dismissed by more powerful others as merely `misunderstandings`. (Agosto de, 2006) The unresolved difficulty here is that the price of analytical clarity, if we attem pt to too neatly divide matters of interpretation and evaluation, may be to disassemble the empirical conjunction of these issues and thus to evacuate from the model the very questions of cultural power which it was designed to address (Hall, 1973). Yet further important questions remain about the status of another of the model’s central categories that of the `oppositional reading`. It may well be that the original model, in its search for overtly political forms of opposition to the culturally dominant order, overvalues ‘oppositional’ rather than ‘negotiated’ decodings. (Agosto de, 2006) Moreover, it is by no means clear that an audience’s refusal to even engage with a text sufficiently to make any decoding of it and it irrelevance to their concerns which is the position of many people in the UK, in relation to much of contemporary news and current affairs programming is less of an oppositional reading than one which is at least sufficiently engaged by a text to bother to `disagree` with it. (Agosto de, 2006). As Dominique Pasquier (2003) argues, the ‘indifferent audience’ may be one of the key issues for contemporary audience research. (Agosto de, 2006) Sociologist David Morley argues that ‘members of a given subculture will tend to share a cultural orientation towards decoding messages in particular ways. (Agosto de, 2006) Their individual â€Å"readings† of messages will be framed by shared cultural formations and practices’. In conclusion Morley claims that an individual’s ‘decoding’ of TV programmed are not reduced to a direct consequence of social class position. (Agosto de, 2006). It is always a question of how social position, as it articulated through particular discourses, produces specific kind of readings or decoding. (Agosto de, 2006) These readings can be seen to be patterned by the way in which the structure of access to different discourses is determined by social position’ (Agosto de, 2006) Therefore, the meaning of text will be constructed differently according to the discourses brought by the reader. (Agosto de, 2006) Fiskes Theory suggests that people naturally categorized events that take place in their reality in reference to texts they have experienced in the past which means he is suggesting we all create a context for what we are seeing through intertextual referencing. (Fiske, 1992). People tend to believe that genre is based on real life, however, the human mind tends to give real life events context and genre based on those created in texts. This can apply to generally speaking, any genre. For example, the horror film, when something super natural takes place in real life people may relate it to a text based on ghosts if an object might randomly fall off a shelf in a supposedly haunted location on a ghost walk, people will witness this in reference to things they have seen in the exorcist or other such films. (Agosto de, 2006). According to Marxism Theory is a ‘simple idea is that the policy process, far from being a rational weighing up of alternatives, is driven by powerful socio-economic forces that set the agenda, structure decision makers choices, constraints implementation and ensure that the interests of the most powerful (or of the system as a whole) determines the outputs and the outcomes of the political system. (John, 1992). According to Barry the state’s function is to protect and reproduce capitalism. Public policies thus reflect the role of the state in trying to regulate the economy and ensure social and political stability. (Barry, n.d.).In other words, the state formulates and implementation policy to reflects the interests of capitalism and the capitalist or the ruling class. (Barry, n.d.). The control over ideas through media and process of socialization on more generally, such as education. This is no dominant ideology compared to Hall theory which is system can be distort. Marxist is a capitalist mode of production and it is concentrated of nature power which is critical and it is overthrow the system. (Barry, n.d). Bibliography Barker, M. (2003) ‘I have seen the future and it is not here yet.’ Paper to ARSRP conference Ruddock, Andy (2001) Understanding Audiences: Theory and Method, Sage: London. Fiske, J (1987). Active Audiences. In Television Culture (pp.62-68). London: Routledge. Morley, D. (2006). Unanswered questions in audience research [Electronic Version]. The communication Review, 9(2), 101-121. Peter John, (1992). Analyzing Public Policy 1999. P.92.

Biography of Sir Joseph Lister Essay -- Biographies Lister Surgery Ess

The Father Of Modern Surgery The hospital environment has not always been a place of sterility and extreme cleanliness that is associated with it so readily today. Prior to the work of Joseph Lister, the hospital was a place to go to die, not to be cured. If an individual was able to survive the pain and torture of surgery without anesthesia, a postoperative infection would most certainly be their ultimate demise. Thanks to Joseph Lister, later known as Baron Lister, a hospital is now a place of healing and cleanliness, not one of death and filth. Lister's Early Life: Joseph Lister was born to Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabella Harris on April 5, 1827 in Upton, England. Upton was a small village outside of the reaches of ever-growing London. Joseph's family were members of the Society of Friends and therefore he was raised in a Quaker environment. Joseph's father, Joseph Jackson Lister was also a well-known scientist known for his invention of the achromatic microscope in 1830, allowing for rapid progress in the studies of cells, bacteria and disease. (Meadows, 180). Joseph had a happy childhood with his four siblings and was a good student. He had particular interests in the fields of botany and zoology. Joseph was able to enter the University College of London in 1844. This was important because at the time entrance to the universities in England were restricted to those who would pledge an oath to the king and the church of England. Pledging such an oath was directly against the religious beliefs of the Quakers. The University College of England was a nonsectarian school and the Quakers were able to attend it. Joseph Lister received his college degree in 1847 at the age of 20. Lister wa... ...70. - Webpages: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/medicine/nonint/indust/dt/indtbi5.shtml http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lis.html http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/st_simons/cr9801.htm http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/other/profmed/slides/pm021599/slide25.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1867lister.html http://limiting.tripod.com/list.htm http://www.bartleby.com/people/Lister-J.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm http://www.lister-institute.org.uk/ http://il.essortment.com/sirjosephliste_rcod.htm http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/9910/lister.html http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/josephlister.html http://www.sciencefinder.co.uk/lister.html http://www.stlcc.cc.mo.us/fp/users/kkiser/History.page.htm- http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bandaids/ Biography of Sir Joseph Lister Essay -- Biographies Lister Surgery Ess The Father Of Modern Surgery The hospital environment has not always been a place of sterility and extreme cleanliness that is associated with it so readily today. Prior to the work of Joseph Lister, the hospital was a place to go to die, not to be cured. If an individual was able to survive the pain and torture of surgery without anesthesia, a postoperative infection would most certainly be their ultimate demise. Thanks to Joseph Lister, later known as Baron Lister, a hospital is now a place of healing and cleanliness, not one of death and filth. Lister's Early Life: Joseph Lister was born to Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabella Harris on April 5, 1827 in Upton, England. Upton was a small village outside of the reaches of ever-growing London. Joseph's family were members of the Society of Friends and therefore he was raised in a Quaker environment. Joseph's father, Joseph Jackson Lister was also a well-known scientist known for his invention of the achromatic microscope in 1830, allowing for rapid progress in the studies of cells, bacteria and disease. (Meadows, 180). Joseph had a happy childhood with his four siblings and was a good student. He had particular interests in the fields of botany and zoology. Joseph was able to enter the University College of London in 1844. This was important because at the time entrance to the universities in England were restricted to those who would pledge an oath to the king and the church of England. Pledging such an oath was directly against the religious beliefs of the Quakers. The University College of England was a nonsectarian school and the Quakers were able to attend it. Joseph Lister received his college degree in 1847 at the age of 20. Lister wa... ...70. - Webpages: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/medicine/nonint/indust/dt/indtbi5.shtml http://web.ukonline.co.uk/b.gardner/Lister.html http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lis.html http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/st_simons/cr9801.htm http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/other/profmed/slides/pm021599/slide25.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1867lister.html http://limiting.tripod.com/list.htm http://www.bartleby.com/people/Lister-J.html http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/default-home.htm http://www.lister-institute.org.uk/ http://il.essortment.com/sirjosephliste_rcod.htm http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/9910/lister.html http://www.zephyrus.co.uk/josephlister.html http://www.sciencefinder.co.uk/lister.html http://www.stlcc.cc.mo.us/fp/users/kkiser/History.page.htm- http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bandaids/

Impact Of Prematurity On Development Essay -- essays research papers

Impact of Premature Birth on Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Years ago, premature birth almost always meant death for the baby. Today, however, we have the technology to nurture these infants’ development, and many of them survive to lead normal, healthy lives. Although, very premature infants (that is, those born before about the fifth month) are still not likely to survive, many born at five months and older will thrive. Some preterm babies, however, do have many obstacles to overcome. There are a variety of medical problems that affect some of them, they may have impaired mental or physical conditions, and they may be looked upon by others in their environment as slow, or they might be treated differently because they were premature. All of these factors, plus a few more that will be discussed, affect the development of preterm infants into their adolescent years, and sometimes beyond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many preterm babies are born with medical problems because they simply were not ready to come into the world yet. They will not have very developed primitive reflexes, and they may look a little strange, with translucent skin, misshapen ears, and fine hair covering their entire bodies. One of the biggest problems for premature infants is a condition called Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), in which the lungs do not produce enough surfactant, which is the substance that keeps the airsacs in the lungs from collapsing. If not treated in time, the infant’s brain will become oxygen deprived, which would lead to death. It can cause some brain damage. Another condition that often affects premature babies is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). This happens when the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, doesn’t close, leading to the infant’s blood not being properly oxgenated. This can also lead to brain damage if not caug ht in time. Premature infants also may just stop breathing, which is called apnea. This is why they must be closely monitored, for without close supervision, they could die.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another medical condition common to premature infants which affects the brain is Intraventricular Hermorrage, where the blood vessels in the brain bleed. This affects most premature babies, but it is not very severe in most cases, and is easily treated. In more severe cases, it can be associat... ...nd child had a better relationship, the child showed fewer behavioral disturbances than when the mother/child relationship was bad (Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, v.23 p 328-9). Typically, the more negative the environment, the less well-adjusted the premature child was. Another factor in their emotional development is the income of the family. In higher SES environments, the children were typically more well-adjusted. Birth weight is also a factor in this. The smaller the birth weight, the less emotionally adjusted and more behaviorally disturbed the child will be. Levy-Shift and Gili Einat concluded that the reason why premature babies have these problems is that they are generally less intelligent than full terms. They had more trouble learning, which could lead to negative emotional reactions. They say that premature children sometimes have impaired neurological processes that underlie cognitive dysfunction which is detrimental to behavioral and emotional functioning (Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, v.23 p 329). Premature children are less responsive, less alert, and less active when they are babies, which can lead to a bad start to the mother-child relationship.

Marx And Mills Essay -- Marx Mills Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Marx And Mills John Stuart Mill suggests that a person’s ethical decision-making process should be based solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive. Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mill’s position on happiness, and the reasoning behind it. Showing where there are agreements and where there are disagreements will critique the theory of Utilitarianism. By showing the problems that the theory have will reveal what should make up ethical decision-making. John Stuart Mill supports and explains his reasoning in his book, Utilitarianism. Mill illustrates the guidelines of his theory. Mill defines utilitarianism as the quest for happiness. His main point is that one should guide his or her judgements by what will give pleasure. Mill believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and rej ect pain. Utilitarianism also states that the actions of a person should be based upon the â€Å"greatest happiness principle†. This principle states that ethical actions command the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Mill further explores the need for pleasure by noting â€Å"a being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy.† . He acknowledges that some pleasures are more alluring than others are. He adds to this by making known that when placing value in things to calculate pleasure, not only quantity important but quality as well. Mill’s criteria for happiness is easily understood, some statements that he gives are questionable. John Stuart Mill plainly laid out what he believes that the basis for ethical decision-making. First, the pursuit of pleasure is directly related to happiness. This idea can be easily accepted. It is natural for a person to focus his goals on things that will bring him pleasure. It would be absu rd if someone’s goal in life was to be poor and starving. This being said, it does not mean that people are only happy due wealth but that no one’s goals are focused on poverty. Although there are many issues that can be agreeable with Mill, there are problems that exist with his theory of utilitarianism. First, Mill says that all ethical decisions should be based on pleasure. This statement becomes questionable when Mill... ...o are polar opposites. This statement holds true no matter what one believes. To find happiness, the opposing sides must find a suitable balance. This does not mean that pain is always a daily part of life, but that it can not and should not be avoided. If one were to try to avoid pain, it is quite possible that they would inadvertently pass up pleasure. This would happen because a person would be too worried to take a chance on failing. Pain is a part of life just as pleasure is. To reap the benefits of one, there must be consequences given to the other. There is a quote that goes, â€Å"You must drink from the chalice of pain, before you can sip from the elixir of self-respect† Another criteria for happiness and morality should be based upon attentions. If one performs a moral action, but has immoral intentions, that person should not be considered ethically correct. To be truly right and happy, one must not only act but think right. Mill suggests that pleasure should guide our decision-making. While the statement is true, it is not fully correct. If a person will deal with pain that come from hard work, dedication, a nd perseverance, then the benefits will be that much sweeter.

Mindy Lewis’

Adolescence is difficult and painful: rebellion, critical parental scrutiny, an overall feeling of not living up to expectations. For some of us it is a time of excess – drug use, arguments, lots of psychic pain. Mindy Lewis’ compelling memoir is about what happens when adolescent rebellion is not treated as routine. Her version of teenage acting out led to a more than two-year incarceration in the New York State Psychiatric Institute at Columbia–Presbyterian Medical Center (which she calls PI) when she was almost 16 years old. The book, Life Inside, explores Lewis’ life, telling a story of an upbringing quite different from most, and its effects. Always a creative soul, Lewis expressed her emotions in painting, rarely in writing. But an intense cyber-romance in the early ‘90s led her to begin to express her emotions in writing. She began to take workshops, writing essays and the occasional short story. Positive reinforcement in the workshops and small successes getting published made her take her writing a little more seriously. She actually wasn’t sure she could go through with her story, until she followed friends’ encouragement to write it, not just for herself but for the others who had been with her and for those who are in a similar situation now. Life inside chronicles a reasonably happy childhood in Manhattan, her father’s departure for California, and the dissolution of her parents’ marriage. The arrival of a stepfather did not provide any cushion as her relationship with her mother started to disintegrate when she began high school, smack in the middle of the ‘60s. Though her painting ability had secured her acceptance at the High School of Music and Art, she soon began to feel as though she didn’t fit in. She just didn’t feel hip enough for the other kids and heady atmosphere that pervaded the school. Lewis had discovered an escape in marijuana, LSD, and a collection of other drugs. Her parents sent her to a psychiatrist to try to find a way to reach her, and though he didn’t seem to think that she was â€Å"crazy†, he recommended institutionalizing her when she was suspended from Music and Art and made a perfunctory attempt at suicide. Several things strike the reader during the journey through the book: the remarkable level of detail about Lewis’ experiences at PI; the difficult adulthood that seemed as excruciating as it was inevitable following such a contorted adolescence; and the courage that it must have taken to commit all of it to paper. As Lewis says: â€Å"In [Life Inside] I hoped to give something—clues to parents of adolescents, or to adolescents themselves who are in pain. I wanted to let them know that there are kindred spirits—they’re not alone. There is a path out of the dark. If the worst situation in my life can become a positive, it’s like alchemy. It gives me faith that miracles can happen in life.† Her story is honest and open. As a reader, one could identify with her pain and her experience, even though it is quite different from one’s own. Many of the feelings she describes are universal, which leads us to question society and its definition of insanity. The book is really well-written and vivid, with great attention to physical and emotional detail. The story moves quickly (over 30 years in 350 pages), with its main focus how the 27-months in the institution affected Mindy's life. However, the book also details Mindy's journey to understand her life, the world around her, her family, and how to create meaning from experience, going beyond â€Å"life inside†. Readers who will particularly appreciate this book include lovers of well-wrought prose, and people who feel impaired by something in their past, and cautiously optimistic about their chances of getting over it and/or growing from it. Life inside received a starred Kirkus Review, and was named 2003 Book of the Year by the American Journal of Nursing. It is a vivid first-person account of the author's experiences as a rebellious 15-year-old remanded to a psychiatric ward in the late 1960s. No comments are needed for the following words: â€Å"While conversing with me it was quite obvious that she is more genuinely wrapped up within herself†¦ She is very self-conscious and is usually unable to face the interviewer†¦ Her walk is a sort of bedraggled shuffle which makes me think of someone being led off to their execution. The patient is fearful, extremely anxious and depressed. At times her anxiety rises to such heights that she begins to tremble.† â€Å"There must be something wrong with my reflexes. If they'd been working right, I would have pulled my foot away, or kicked him. I hope he's a better shrink than he is a doctor.† â€Å"The sleeves hang over my hands, which is fine with me — the more that's hidden, the better†¦ Once I was a nice little girl, but those days are over. Before I can stop it, that nice little girl's tears fill my eyes. I blink them away, hoping nobody saw†¦ I can't take another minute sitting out here in the hallway. Privacy is as important to me as air, and I'm suffocating.† â€Å"I sit here in my chains and the days go by and nothing ever happens. It is an empty joyless life, but I accept it without complaint. I await other times and they will surely come, for I am not destined to sit here for all eternity†¦.I muse on this in my dungeon and am of good cheer.† Today Lewis is by any account a healthy and creative adult with extraordinary insight. She is an artist by profession, a dancer by avocation and a writer by sheer force of will. At 50, Lewis has kept her youth with her. She is tall, trim, and strong; belly dancing is a passion and bike riding and swimming help, as well. Her manner is direct, tempered by a quietness that bespeaks a life path that has not always been clear or easy. Inviting the readers to take a close look at contemporary views of mental health through the lens of her own powerful and intimately rendered story, in Life Inside, Lewis has written an important memoir, as tough and candid as it is inspiring and compassionate. Bibliography: 1. Lewis, Mindy. Life inside: A Memoir. Atr

How to Clean the Harman Pf100 Furnace

How to lily-white the Harman PF100 Furnace Here ar step-by-step instructions for cle arding your Harman PF100 dead reckoning Furnace. These instructions ar to be employ in conjunction with the owners manual that came with your furnace. If you require any(prenominal) questions near the procedure please dont hesitate to call your local current dealer. In localise to maintain screen efficiency it is great to tonic and horizontal surfacelessness the interior of the furnace 3 or 4 times per cremate season. The furnace is designed to be very easy to sluttish and it should study ab extinct an hour to complete. A utter(a) killing is required at the remainder of each think fireing season. descent out in foreland that cleaning both your insert and waiver musical arrangement is essential. It boosts heat output and keeps the furnace outpouring at maximum efficiency. Many Harman dealers allow annual cleaning services for their customers. delight read through this full(a) black market before beginning. TOOLS YOU WILL NEED propagate Mask & Safety Goggles blackleg vacuum w/fine spread (HEPA) filter Standard socket set or chalk driver set Tooth clank 3 to 4 paintbrush Small put on knife Hearth glass spick-and-span Paper towels Rubber gloves ( porn really gets into pores) lack cloth Fl ash treelight or dope mangle light 4 in. lexible brush (for electric arc thermionic vacuum tube) Burn posterior scraper (included w/furnace) TIPS beforehand YOU START Be sure the furnace is totally out and cool (and unplugged from electrical great power ). The furnace must be completely out before cleaning. either part must be cool to the touch, including the shootings that atomic number 18 remaining in the skip pot. Live pellets are a fire hazard in particular if they get sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Every year there are stories of mansion house vacuums catching fire by inadvertently sucking up hot ashes. worse still this buttocks b e the germ of a house fire savory ashes should be stored in a surface container with a tight fitting lid. When the ashes are completely out they can be used as a foulness conditioner for your lawn or garden. scoop up on a disseminate mask This is important Dont be foolhardy when it comes to protecting your lungs. Wear a mask and protective goggles. original lamp chimney sweeps wear both go performing cleaning tasks. pure tone 1 PREPARE THE WORK AREA inauguration by placing a drop cloth on the floor in see of your furnace. Alternatively you can use newspaper. Keep your tools on the drop cloth so you can wrap them in it and take them outside for cleaning when you are done. misuse 2 CLEAN THE EXTERIOR OF THE flip ones lid roll of tobacco Open the side access accession (Fig. 1) and begin by removing loose soot deposits from inside the burn pot. train the flak guide and vacuum the ash from the burn pot and above the burn pot (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Fig. 1 Fig. 3 Clean the burn pot using the scraper provided (Fig. 3). engagement the flat intercept of the scraper to off the degree centigrade from the burn pot. Alternatively use a hammer and a straight pate screw driver to tap the deposits loose. criterion 3 CLEAN THE INTERIOR OF THE BURN POT Youll now withdraw to clean ash from inside the burn pot.Remove the clean out central office under the burn pot by loosening the twain filename extension nuts holding the denture in place (Fig. 4). You many impoverishment to use pliers to loosen the fell nuts initially. Vacuum all ash from the burn pots inner(a) (Fig. 5). Fig. 6 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 hire your finger to brush out any ash that cant be reached with the nozzle of the vacuum (Fig. 6). After cleaning, be sure the plate is fully closed(a) before hand tightening the telephone extension nuts. ( beak Do not tighten the fender nuts with pliers. ) measuring rod 4 polish off THE UPPER BAFFLE PLATE Remove the upper baffle plate from the fire cuff on th e wall opposite the burn-pot.To accomplish this, subvert the share plate up almost 1/2 and it can be recalld for cleaning (Fig. 7). occasion the pointed end of the scraper and a brush to clean the heat exchanger behind the dwell, let the ashes fall into the ash pan. Clean the remainder of the inside of the burn chamber using the scraper, put on knife, brush and vacuum. Fig. 7 Second track Plate After all the gelt and brushing of ashes is complete you can remove and empty the ash pan. There is a second baffle plate determined below the upper baffle plate that becomes accessible when the ash pan is take.Tip the fade of the cover forward and lift up and out of the furnace. Do a terminal clean-up of the baffle and vacuuming of the inside of the firebox res publica and the ash pan (ashes noted by pull down right arrow on Fig. 7). replace the baffle plates being sure they are securely latched into position. Also, be sure the break open guide is replaced on the burn pot. c ounterchange the ash pan, close and latch the firebox portal and outside cover door. STEP 5 REMOVE THE COMBUSTION aim First, remove the electrocution cetacean mammal cover. The combustion electric fan lodging is held in place with cardinal flip latches (Fig. ). Next, remove the combustion aim by first loosening the iii thumb screws (Fig. 9). You can then become the motor assemblage counter-clockwise to remove it. short letter The motor wires do not exact to be disconnected. Fig. 8 Fig. 9 STEP 6 CLEAN THE COMBUSTION MOTOR & SURROUNDING AREA When the combustion blower is removed, the inside of the combustion blower area (Fig. 10) needs to be brushed and vacuumed. Next, the fins of the combustion blower (Fig. 11) go out need dilate cleaning as they will foregather sooty dust.Although the combustion fan is shown removed in this view for clarity (Fig. 12), you do not need to disconnect the wire of the motor for this step. The fins of the blower need to be carefully cleaned w ith a toothbrush. Be excess careful not to bend the fins on the combustion blower as this whitethorn cause an imbalance or upset with the inside of the blower housing when it is reassembled. Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 STEP 7 CLEAN THE AUGER DRIVE nook The next step is to clean the inside of the pellet feed mechanism and a general cleanup under the exhaust hood of the furnace.Start by removing the large sheet- alloy cover under the pellet hopper (Fig. 13). There are four screws holding this cover in place two are laid as seen in the image in fig. 13. The other two screws are on the other side of the furnace. You need tho to loosen the screws a few turns and sea-coast the cover off. Fig. 13 Under the cover you will find the feeder assembly you will need to remove the wing nut in the center of the housing cover (Fig. 14) and remove the cover. After removing the cover, clean out the inside of the housing (Fig. 15) with a itty-bitty brush and a vacuum.Replace the wimble assembly c over and wing nut and then the outer sheet metal cover. Tighten the sheet metal cover screws snuggly and you are done cleaning the railway locomotive housing. Fig. 14 Fig. 15 STEP 8 CLEAN OR deputise THE AIR FILTER You will need to clean or replace the tenor filter on the filter box (Fig. 16). Follow the air filter manufacturing businesss instructions for cleaning or replacement. Filters are widely available at hardware stores and home centers. Fig. 16 STEP 9 SWEEP THE ENTIRE labial pipe SYSTEM It is very important that the entire flue system is inspected and cleaned once per year.In order to clean the flue system you will need to sweep it from its exit point using rods and an catchly sized brush. You may need to take apart sections of pipe in order to do this. Note Professional installers very much design the dismission system so that certain joints can be taken apart. These joints will often have either aluminum tape measure or silicone caulking on the outside. Use a knife t o scrape off the silicone caulking on the joints you plan to take apart. If your pellet stove is installed into an existing chimney you will need to clean the chimney as well as the pellet pipe.To do this you will need the appropriate sized chimney brush and rods. (i. e. a six inch diameter chimney will need a 6 diameter brush) Once the flue system has been cleaned, reconnect and recaulk the pellet vent. High temperature RTV silicone caulking will work for this. Note it is very important that each joint of the pipe within the home be airtight. Even small pinhole leaks can leak smoke If you have any questions regarding any aspect of these cleaning instructions, please refer back to your proprietors Manual or gain your authorized Harman dealer.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Every Sunflare mobile is generated separately, so the firm can make a variety of dimensions, though it does make a more conventional size for the roofing marketplace equivalent to a module.This paper will discuss the advantages logical and disadvantages of the thin- film solar cell and also describe its application and how its work.Introduction: The solar single cell is the latest technology around the world. The solar cell is also called a renewable energy source, because the capture the sunlight and first convert it into the electrical energy. There are different types of solar cells, but the most important one is a thin- film solar cell.Clearly, the late little cell in a calculator isnt big and bulky.Solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, usually silicon. The making process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. Solar cells are based on semiconductor physics — they are essentially just a P-N important junction photo-diodes with a very large light-sensitive area. Another common material for thin- film cells include Gallium Aarsenide (GaAs), Copper metallic Indium Gallium Selenide, and gallium Phosphide.

They are the most essential quality of a panel.We use solar great power for everything from calculators to large power plants that can political power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are used for small evices. The Solar single cell technology research is continuing to create low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some many countries do not have oil or do not have enough political and economic political power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunlight than others.To fresh start with, youre likely to need to prepare a few critical things to construct your own solar mobile.4%.The german Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material.

Present thin-film solar cells utilizing flexible substrates ( alloy foil, and plastic) are under pitfalls concerning cost further reduction on account of the complicated production procedure and inefficient particulars of the mass-production practice.There are four different types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. metallic Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 3.It is truly.The main difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar single cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the different layer as is shown as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to create a greater surface large area for sunlight absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to common use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our log normal daily routine.These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator.

The technologies best can be implemented utilizing an assortment of semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium.Silicon wafer and thin-film solar single cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar single cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells.Thin-film solar red cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light.Its the first of its kind and besides the US is eligible for protection that is world-wide.The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell.Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ways , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and see also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major different types of thin-film solar cell. 1.

Each of the thin-film technologies also give the prospect of ubiquity.The first problem is, silicon is very hard to how find the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The second thing is, this new type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb bright sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consuming devices.Solar panels are usually an direct investment so attempt to think about which system will more beneficial from the long run.More flexible and very easy to handle it.4. Less thinner than crystalline solar cell. It can be as thin .

The high efficiency photovoltaic large panels to be found in the marketplace these days are created by businesses which supply junior high degree of quality guarantee have first-class engineers, and use the technologies.Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged dry mounting system with tilt at a fixed degree.6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below.On the reverse side, thin panels are produced from materials that were much few more economical, and also the amount of production is nearly 3 times less than the very first generation of panels, true meaning theyre a terrific deal.Table (2) Condition| Crystalline Efficiency Drop| Light San Francisco fog| 8%-15%| Heavy San Francisco fog| 15%-20%| Cloudy & raining| 20% – 50%| Heavy cloudy & raining| 50% – 90%| 2. They have complex structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique installation skills.