Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology Essay

Advance Communications Systems Gsm Information Technology EssayIn Telecommunications Applications, cellular is the fastest and very demanding Technology. Today, It is representing a continuous change magnitude percentage of all teleph unrivalled subscriptions around the earthly concern. GSM is the most popular standard for nimble telephony agreements. It is estimated that around 80% of worldwide rambling market uses this standard. currently there are about 4 Billion cellular subscribers around the world. GSM differs from its previous technologies in that both(prenominal) signalling and speech channels are digital. Thus GSM is considered as 2nd Generation (2G).DefinitionGlobal system for peregrine communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile tele recall standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that galore(postnominal) countries outside of Europe go out join the GSM partnership.The GSM family of technologies has provided the world with mobile communications since 1991. In all all oer twenty years of development, GSM has been continually enhanced to provide platforms that deliver an increasingly broad project of mobile work as demand grows. Where the industry started with plain sound calls, it now has a powerful platform capable of supporting mobile broadband and multimedia serve. GSM is now apply in 219 countries and territories serving more than trinity billion people and providing travellers with access to mobile operate wherever they go.GSMAn open, digital cellular technology used for transmittal mobile voice and data servicesEDGEAn open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data servicesHSPAAn open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data servicesGPRS Avery widely deployed piano tuner data service, available now with most GSM networks3G/WCDMAThe air interface for one of the International Telecommunications Unions family of third-generation mobile communications systemsLTEDesigned to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, Long Term Evolution incorporates MIMO in combination with OFDMAGSM RoamingThe ability for a customer to makeand grow calls, sendand receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the coverage area of their home networkIMBA technology, defined as a part of the 3GPP Rel. 8 standard, which enables spectrally-efficient delivery of Broadcast services use TDD radio techniques.2. GSM interlockingThe GSM proficient specifications define the distinct entities that form the GSM network by defining their functions and interface requirements.The GSM network nates be divided into four main partsThe bustling Station (MS).The Base Station Subsystem (BSS).The Network and replacement Subsystem (NSS).T he operating room and Support Subsystem (OSS).The architecture of the GSM network is presented in figure 1.3. GSM Network OperationsGSM network architectureThere are four main areas of GSM NetworkMobile station (MS)Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)Base-station subsystem (BSS)Simplified GSM Network ArchitectureMobile stationMobile stations (MS) are in like manner widely know as mobile equipment (ME), cell or mobile rings. This is the part of a GSM cellular network which is used and operated by user. The size of mobile phone In recent years is becoming more and more smaller whereas the train of functionality has greatly increased. The two basic element of mobile phone are the hardware and the SIM.The main element of the mobile phone is hardware which includes the display, case, battery.Another great element of the Mobile are the electronics which are used to generate the signal, and do by the data receiver and to be transmitted. Internati onal Mobile Equipment identity operator (IMEI) is installed in the phone at manufacture and groundworknot be changed. The network can check whether the mobile has been reported as stolen with its IMEI while the registration of the phone.The network determines the identity of the user with The SIM or Subscriber Identity Module. The SIM includes variety of information including a number cognize as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)The GSM network subsystem contains a variety of polar elements. This is the element of GSM which provides the main control and interfacing for the entirely mobile network. NSS is also known as the core network and includes the following elementsAuthentication CentreHome post RegisterSMS GatewayVisitor Location RegisterEquipment Identity RegisterGateway Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching services CentreBase Station Subsystem (BSS)The system used to communicate with other mobiles on a network is call ed Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section . It consists of two elementsBase Station ControllerBase Transceiver StationOperation and Support Subsystem (OSS)Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC.It is also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. As the subscriber population increases with the resulted number of BS, some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, thus it allows savings in the cost of ownership of the system. Each interface amidst the different elements of the GSM network is defined in the GSM structure. This accelerates the information interchanges can take place and also that network elements from different manufacturers can be used.Development of GSM Air port is the key elements of the development of the GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications. Elements including the modulation, GSM slot structure, burst structure and the like were all devi sed to provide the optimum performance.Modulation format is an important development of the GSM standard , the way in which the system is time division multiplexed, which provides a considerable impact on the performance of the system as a self-colored. For example, the modulation format for the GSM air interface and battery life are directly associated and the time division format adopted enabled the cellphone handset be to be considerably reduced as detailed later.Reference http//www.brighthub.com/mobile/windows-mobile-platform/articles/14286.aspxixzz0hoQeU6uY4. GSM Advantages DisadvantagesGSM AdvantagesGSM is grown-up means this development means a more constant network with reasoning(a) features.Fewer signal fall inside buildings.Ability to use repeaters.Talk-time is generally advanced in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission.The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets.GSM covers almost all parts of the world so i nternational roaming is not a problem.The subscriber can enjoy the broadest international coverage. It is possible with the GSM roaming service. rock-steady coverage indoors on 850/900 MHz. Repeaters possible.Very good due to simple protocol, good coverage and mature, power-efficient chipsets.Some More Advantages most popularCommunicationMobile, wireless communication, support for voice and data services.Total mobilityInternational access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers.Worldwide connectivityOne number, the network handles every stance.High capacity let on frequency efficiency, smaller cells, and more customers per cell.High transmission qualityHigh audio quality and reliability for wireless.Disadvantages of GSMPulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially confident audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers.GSM has a permanent maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations.GSM has some disadvantages when compared to some of the newer mobile network technologies.GSM is known as a second-generation system. Third-generation systems feature higher data transfer rates. Higher transfer rates allow better call quality and profital services such as high-quality streaming video and high-speed Internet capabilities.Evolution from 2G to 3G2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Due to fastchanges in user expectation, they do not gather todays wireless needs.Cellular mobile telecommunications networks are being upgraded to use 3Gtechnologies from 1999 to 2010. Japan was the first country to introduce 3Gnationally.How is 3G different from 2G and 4GWhile 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1Gnetworks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-g eneration)technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards.3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data (a telephone call) andnon-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, andinstant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technologystands to be the emerging standard of wireless devices.5. GSM Applications1. GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway)GSM-R is the latest technology for railway communications ground on International wireless communications standards. The GSM-R system is based on GSM and EIRENE-MORANE specifications and it guarantee at 350 mph without any data loss in communication.GSM-R is one part ofERTMS(European Rail Traffic Management System) which is composed ofGSM-R.ETCS(European Train Control System).Frequency bandGSM-R uses a specificfrequency band in Europe, which is as follows876MHz 880MHz used for data transmission (uplink)921MHz 925MHz used for data resolution (downlink)Channel spacing is 200 kHz.GSM-R occupied a lower extension of GSM 900MHz frequencies (890MHz 915MHz range for transmission and 935MHz 960MHz range for reception), as per 3GPP TS 05.05 V8.20.0 (2005-11). InChinaGSM-R occupied a 4MHz wide range of the E-GSM band (900MHz-GSM).GSM-R usesGSM-R allows the services and applications for mobile communications in many an(prenominal) domainsTransmission of Long Line Public Address (LLPA) announcements to remote stations down the lineControl and protection (Automatic Train Control/ETCS) andERTMS)Communication between train driver and regulation centre,Communication of on-board working peopleInformation sending forETCSCommunication betweentrain stations,classification yardandrail tracks2. GSM for accident ManagementGSM Technology is being used for prevention in disasters. Many cellular companies offer charity disaster relief services to the effected areas. The response program is an initiative to make sure that the communications are going on during disasters. Th e response team is made up of volunteers and telecom engineers who bring their equipments and the whole Mini-GSM system. Basically this is an entire Portable Mobile Network so that the effected people can have contact with the other people around the world. As we have seen in Haiti Earthquake disaster.3. Remote monitoring applications using GSM TelemetryRemote Tank Level MonitoringWireless Remote Monitoring for PumpsLeakage contracting in TanksAutomated Condition MonitoringRemote communications to PLC using GSM TelemetryGSM Odometer (Mileage Management System)GSM odometer is such a device used to facilitate fleet administration of vehicles. This will report all necessary information about the vehicle through E-mail or mobile SMS. This device is based on GSM modem with embedded software. This is concept is called Mileage management System. This is a very useful technology for those organizations which need vehicle administration on daily basis. This system is richly compatible with your vehicle and central control room. GSM odometer also reports the following informationThe total number of working hours of the vehiclesSpeed profiles of the vehiclesTracking using GSM location serviceBenefits of Mileage Management SystemIt provides very accurate mileage information of the vehicle.Easy vehicle service recall.Better customer services. slight process time70 to 80% reduction in cost for daily fleet administration.Correct invoicing, information about the mileage may slow be integrated into the fleet owners billing and administrationEnhanced SecurityMobile Application SecurityThe mobile users around the globe are steadily increasing and hopefully will continue to grow more rapid in future. Openess offers benefits to the customers, device management and operators. But on the other habd oppenness also chanllenges the credential risks and vindictive applications. Therefore surety is the key concern for the mobile and communications industry.GSM Association Mobile A pplication Security Initiativeidentify the need of security applications across mobile operating systems to reduce the malware while facilitating the users. The challenge for mobbile applications are many. Some are included which areProactively protect mobile users from fraud and malicious applicationsAssure quality and accountability of mobile applicationsMaintain trust in mobile platforms (and avoid similar problems in the Internet world)Secure existing and future businessProtect operators against costs originating from malicious applicationsFacilitate certification processes to reduce barriers for developersEnsure consistency across different OS platforms and operators.6. GSM Security and Encryption commentary of GSM Security FeaturesSecurity in GSM consists of the following aspects subscriber identity certificate, subscriber identity confidentiality, signaling data confidentiality, and user data confidentiality. The subscriber is uniquely identified by the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). This information, along with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki), constitutes sensitive identification credentials analogous to the electronic Serial Number (ESN) in analog systems such as AMPS and TACS. The design of the GSM authentication and encryption schemes is such that this sensitive information is never transmitted over the radio channel. Rather, a challenge-response mechanism is used to perform authentication. The actual conversations are encrypted using a temporary, randomly generated ciphering key (Kc). The MS identifies itself by means of the transitory Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), which is issued by the network and may be changed periodically (i.e. during hand-offs) for additional security.Signal and Data ConfidentialityThe SIM contains the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) which is used to modernise the 64-bit ciphering key (Kc). The ciphering key is computed by applying the same random number (RAND) used in the a uthentication process to the ciphering key generating algorithm (A8) with the individual subscriber authentication key (Ki). As will be shown in later sections, the ciphering key (Kc) is used to encrypt and decrypt the data between the MS and BS. An additional level of security is provided by having the means to change the ciphering key, making the system more resistant to eavesdropping. The ciphering key may be changed at regular intervals as postulate by network design and security considerations. Figure 6 below shows the calculation of the ciphering key (Kc).Subscriber Identity ConfidentialityTo ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the brief Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by affirm reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.7. ADVANCEMENT IN THE GSM TECHNOLOGY1. INTERNET MOBILE SERVICESIMS has been an major(ip) discovery by the 3GPP LTE concepts being introduced in the GSM mobile phones as its architecture is constantly being developed and more number of mobile service providers are implementing it to deliver services such as MMS and INTERNET. Because of this rapid advancement in the IMS technology is soon going to replace the traditional technologies used few years. Applying an IMS technology to an wireless mobile network is not an complex procedure as it only requires the mobile operators to possess the IMS core, Application servers and customer service to take care of the needs of the users. The IMS can be modified upon the 2G and 3G mobiles as well because the mobile operators want to globalise this technology by migrating it from AMERICA to different places across the globe and making it fully commercial by 2008. Mobile networks have become an major trend in carrying out all the IP operations as this will enable a mobile device to have both Mobile and fixed broadband services and hence increasing the efficiency of the services.2. VOIP OVER CELLULAR NETWORKSVOIP has been an major interest and an advancement in the mobile industry as it is currently being implemented in almost 85% of the mobile across the globe and hence it is an globally accepted standard for the GSM mobiles as it is going to match the standards of the IMS multimedia Telephony in the 3GPP technology and it will give rise to many services such as Internet and MMS servicesd on the handset. The growth of the VOIP has been a huge success because it is constantly trying to eliminate the concept of voice over the wi-fi and many operators are trying to develope the VOIP in an better way to decerase the operational costs and to launch few new services such as impact to Talk and intergra ted mashups for the 3g mobiles.3. GSM operation onboard aircraftGSM technology allows the air passengers to use their mobile phones to talk during the flight and the passengers are permitted to have incoming and outgoing calls and send and receive the school text messages via SMS by the means of GPRS technology and the mobile phones are fitted with network access which have an on board network to allow the passengers to call but will be charged with an roaming cost of making calls. The frequency what we are assigning here is in the 1800hz bandwidth and it is generally lower than 900 mhz to avoid the ground interference.computer architectureThe LTE 3GPP concept is been used in the GSM onboard system , since the connectivity of the mobile phones in the plane is normally through the GSM standards which is being developed by the 3GPP networks.8. CONCLUSIONHence the technical advancements in the GSM Technology is going to be more feasible because the GSM service onboard is perhaps the b est mode of advancement in the GSM technology because it is capable of delivering swervices over the flight where it effectively manages the On board system on the plane and the aviation industry is really benifited by bthis move of Mobile technology which can benifit the aviation industry also.To ensure subscriber identity confidentiality, the Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is used. The TMSI is sent to the mobile station after the authentication and encryption procedures have taken place. The mobile station responds by confirming reception of the TMSI. The TMSI is valid in the location area in which it was issued. For communications outside the location area, the Location Area Identification (LAI) is necessary in addition to the TMSI. The TMSI allocation/reallocation process is shown in Figure 8 below.